NaD1, a plant defensin derived from the ornamental tobacco Nicotiana alata, has shown to kill the lymphoma cell line U937. In the same study the NaD1 target was suggested to be phosphoinositides. While Phosphoinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) makes up less than 1% of the cellular membrane, it was used in complex with NaD1 to form crystals as it bound more readily. The structure was then resolved to 1.6 Å and the binding pocket determined. Interestingly the complex has a 1:1 ratio of protein to lipid but there existed numerous hydrogen bonds which crossed between more than one protein from each lipid. In vitro this complex formed large structures often hundreds of micrometers in length. The mechanisms for which NaD1 and other similar defensins form these complexes are suggested to be the cause of their killing ability.